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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR 

OF 

LATE PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SUHGEONS OF TH* 
UNIVEBSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, &C. 

WITH Ji CRITIQUE Z7POJV HIS WMTIJYGS. 

BEAD BEFORE THE NEW- YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 
AUGUST 14th, 1821. 

By HENRY WILLIAM DUCACHET, M.D. 



> »* .* 



» > 



3NTEGEB YITJE SCELEBISa^E FURTJ 



V x 



. \ 

PHILADELPHIA: 

{Emm the 4th volume of the American Medical Recorder, page 609.) 



October, 1821. 



EliitATA. 

In page 14, the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth lines from the top, 
read 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, instead of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; and insert after the 4th 
article, or word " heat," on the second line from top of same page, 5. That 
it diminishes the quantity of blood in the small vessels, but accumulates it in 
the large ones. 






/ 



i^Cv »&*&*** 



BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR 



OF 



OL IB4»a SL ®* & 



*<» 4&fv 



LATE PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF THT 
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, &C- 



Biography has very justly been pronounced one of the most 
nice and difficult kinds of composition. It requires a judgment 
with which few are endowed, to make a judicious selection of 
the incidents of a life; to arrange facts in a striking order; and 
to narrate them in an interesting manner. The biographer is 
embarrassed with the multitude of materials which crowd upon 
him: he is at a loss what to choose, and what to omit; when to 
be brief, and when to amplify; and finds it difficult to avoid the 
extremes of a wearisome minuteness, and a too rapid recital* 
But it is still more difficult to give a true and faithful delineation 
of the character he is describing; to preserve a just moderation 
in eulogizing its excellencies, and a necessary impartiality in 
touching its defects. No wonder, then, that so few excel in bi- 
ography; and that lives are so generally either barren and un- 
profitable records of dates and facts, or pompous and extravagant 
encomiums. 

A 



4 Biographical Memoir of Br. Samuel Barct. 

Without any pretensions to the rare talent for biography, I 
propose to give a sketch of the life and character of Dr. Bard, — 
a man whose life is worthy of being recorded for the admiration 
and example of posterity. 

Dr. Samuel Bard was born in Philadelphia on the 1st of April 
1742. His grand-father had been driven to this country by the 
memorable revocation of the edict of Nantes; and, settling in 
Burlington, New-Jersey, became one of the judges of the su- 
preme court of that province. His father was Dr. John Bard, 
afterwards a distinguished physician of New- York, and memora- 
ble for being the first person who performed a dissection and 
taught anatomy by demonstration on this side of the Atlantic* 
His mother was a Miss Valleau, a neice of the highly respect- 
able Dr. Kearsley of Philadelphia, and likewise a descendant of 
the Protestant refugees. At the time of Dr. Bard's birth his 
father was practising his profession in Philadelphia; but at the 
urgent solicitation of Dr. Franklin, he shortly after removed with 
his family to New- York, in consequence of the death of several 
eminent physicians in the epidemic yellow fever which desolated 
this city in 1741 and 42. Dr. Bard received the rudiments of 
classical education in New- York, at a respectable grammar- 
school under the direction of a Mr. Smith; and at the age of 14 
years entered King's College under the private pupilage of Dr- 
Cutting, at that time professor of languages, and during the pre- 
sidency of Dr. Samuel Johnson. While at college he gave some 
attention to the study of medicine; and afterwards regularly de- 
voted himself to the profession under the auspices of his father. 
About this time he imbibed iiis taste for botany from Miss 
Jane Colden,f daughter of the then lieutenant-governor of the 
province. She instructed him in the elements of that interesting 
science during his occasional visits to the family; and he repaid 
her attentions by drawing and colouring plants and flowers for 

• In 1750 D;\ John Bard dissected the body of Hermannus Carrol, who 
had been executed for murder; and injected the blood-vessels for the use 
of his pupils. 

■j- This lady was a correspondent of the celebrated Linnaeus, and was ho- 
noured by him in having a plant which she first described called Coldtnia* 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. a 

her.* In the fall of 1760, he sailed for Europe; but being cap- 
tured by a French privateer he was taken to Bayonne, and con- 
fined six months in the castle. Upon his release in the spring of 
1761, he immediately proceeded to London. He was now, at 
the recommendation of Dr. Fothergil), received into St. Thomas' 
hospital as the assistant of Dr. Russel, the celebrated author of 
the history of Aleppo; and continued in that capacity until his 
departure for Edinburgh, enjoying in the mean time the in- 
structions of Mr. Else the surgeon, of Dr. Grieve the translator 
of Celsus, and of Dr. Akenside the poet. At the time of Dr. 
Bard's arrival in Edinburgh, that celebrated school was in the. 
meridian of its glory. Dr. Robertson the historian was its prin- 
eipal; and Rutherford, Whytt, Cullen, the Munros, the elder 
Gregory, and Hope, its professors. During his attendance at 
Edinburgh, he acquired the reputation of an ingenious and 
indefatigable student; and was considered one of the most intel- 
ligent Americans who had yet visited that celebrated seat of 
learning. He was particularly distinguished as a classical scholar, 
having made great proficiency in the languages under the tuition 
of the celebrated, but unfortunate Dr. Brown. He graduated in 
1765, after having defended and published an inaugural essay 
" de virions opii;" and left Edinburgh loaded with honour, in 
consequence of having obtained the prize offered by Dr. Hope 
for the best Herbarium of the indigenous vegetables of Scotland. ] 
He was the room-mate of Dr. Saunders the author of the valuable 
treatise on the liver; and the fellow-student of Dr. Withering, 
the author of the Medical Botany; of Dr. Percival, the writer on 
Medical Ethicks; of Dr. John Morgan, one of the founders of 
the University of Pennsylvania; of Dr. Sims, the president of the 
Medical Society of London; of Dr. Bostock, the father of the 

* This taste for botany and drawing he always retained. A pretty speci- 
men of both may be seen in one of the volumes of the Transactions of the 
Royal Society. It is a representation of the first plant of the rhubarb 
which grew in the botanic garden of Edinburgh, and accompanies Dr. 
Hope's paper upon that subject. He abio furnished the plan for Trinity' 
Church, New-York. 

f This valuable collection contains duplicates of upwards of 500 plant-. 
9fld is still, 1 believe, in excellent preservation, 



$ Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

present chemist; of Carmichael Smyth, who has distinguished 
himself by the introduction of acid fumigations to destroy infec- 
tion; of Dr. Andrew Duncan, senr. afterwards professor at Edin- 
burgh; of Dr. Haygarth, who has immortalized his name by his 
professional exertions in the cause of humanity; of Professor 
Parsons, now of Oxford; and of Sir Lucas Pepys, late physician 
to the king of Great Britain. 

In 1765 he returned to his native country, and commenced 
the practice of medicine in New- York in connexion with his 
father. Dr. Bard was thus very soon introduced into the exten- 
sive and respectable circle of practice which he retained till the 
time of his removal from the city, and in which he acquired a 
popularity and reputation which seldom fall to the lot of a phy- 
sician in this country. He seldom practised surgery, having a 
natural sensitiveness of temperament which revolted at the dis- 
maying duties of an operator. 

About this time very great attention was excited on the subt 
ject of medical education in the provinces. The great increase 
of wealth and population, the degraded state of the profession in 
consequence of the extensive prevalence of quackery, the incon- 
veniences and expense of a journey to Europe, and the recent ac- 
cessions of talent and respectability to the medical corps, deter- 
mined a number of public-spirited gentlemen of Philadelphia to 
establish a school for medical instruction in that city. Under 
the auspices of Shippen, Morgan, and Kuhn, a highly respectable 
college was organized. New- York soon followed this worthy ex- 
ample; and in 1768, a similar establishment was opened in this 
city. Dr. Samuel Bard was immediately appointed to teach the 
theory and practice of physic, the most important branch of all.* 

At the first commencement held by the new college in 1769, 
Dr. Bard delivered the address to the graduates. Of the dis- 
course he pronounced on that occasion, I shall speak more par- 
ticularly hereafter. Suffice it to observe for the present, that it 
was the means of establishing the New- York hospital. The 

* Dr. Clossey was chosen professor of anatomy ; Dr. John Jones of sur- 
gery ; f)r- Middleton of physiology ,snd pathology ; Dr. Smith of chemistl'v 
and, materia medica; and Dr. Tennant of midwifery* 



Biographical Memoir of Br. Samuel Bard. 7 

^courses of instruction thus distributed were continued regularly* 
and with unexpected success, for several years; but the institution 
so promising of good was interrupted, and finally destroyed by the 
revolutionary war. 

On the commencement of hostilities in 1776, Dr. Bard's poli- 
tical principles being odious to the generality of the community, 
he thought it prudent to retire to Shrewsbury, New- Jersey. He 
there occupied himself in preparing salt; but not succeeding to 
his satisfaction, and being unable to support his family comfort- 
ably, he returned to New- York on its being taken possession of 
by the British troops He immediate iy regained the lucrative 
practice he had left; and was so successful in business, that at the 
end of the war he possessed a handsome independence. The 
high character which Dr Bard maintained at this period, cannot 
be better shewn than by the fact, that, notwithstanding political 
differences, (and party-spirit was the ruling principle of the day,) 
he was the family physician of general Washington during his 
residence in New- York. 

After several abortive attempts by the regents of the univer- 
sity to revive the medical school on the restoration of peace, 
the trustees of Columbia College resolved to place it upon a 
permanent foundation, by annexing the faculty of physic to that 
institution in 1792. Dr. Bard was continued as the professor of 
the theory and practice of medicine, and was appointed dean of 
the faculty. At this time he was still engaged in a very extensive 
practice; and was zealously occupied in teaching the different 
branches of the profession to a large number of nrivate pupils. 
The professorship of natural philosophy in Columbia College 
being vacant for some time before the arrival of Dr. Kemp, Dr. 
Bard, notwithstanding his multiplied avocations of a public and 
private nature, undertook to supply this deficiency in the course 
of instruction. His exertions were chiefly instrumental in the 
establishment of the city library, and of the New- York Dispen- 
sary; and were always conspicuous in plans for the advancement 
of science, and the promotion of human happiness. 

In the year 1795 he took Dr. Hosack into partnership; and in 
1798 retired into the country, leaving that gentleman successor 



8 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

to his practice. It is proper to state, that, although Dr. Bard 
had now resigned forever the cares of professional life, his sense 
of duty would not permit him to be absent from the city during 
the dreadful epidemic of '98; but prompted him to the scene of 
desolation and terror, to administer assistance to his suffering 
fellow-citizens. It was not until he had been disqualified by an 
attack of the epidemic for the arduous labours which a physician 
must undergo in a season of pestilence, that he could be urged 
again to retire into the country. 

The legislature of the state had passed an act in 1 T9± for the 
establishment of a college of physicians and surgeons in the city 
of New- York; but the regents of the university did not avail 
themselves of the power thus granted until the year 1807. The 
medical schools of Columbia College and of the University, by 
an erroneous policy which had nearly proved ruinous to both, 
were suffered to remain rival institutions until the year 1813. 
It was now discovered that it was impossible for two medical 
schools to flourish in the same city: and, accordingly, it was 
determined to organize an institution entirely new, which should 
combine the talents and the learning of the rival colleges. The 
present college of physicians and surgeons of this city is the off- 
spring of this judicious coalition. Dr. Bard was appointed its 
first president, and retained the office until his death.* 

During his residence in the country, he zealously engaged 
in the pursuits of agriculture; and in 1806 was elected presi- 
dent of the Agricultural Society of Dutchess county, which he 
had been chiefly instrumental in forming. He was the founder 
pf the neat little church at Hyde-Park in the neighbourhood of 
his residence, and the principal contributor to the expenses of its 
erection. From this parish he was repeatedly delegated as a 
member of the public council of the Protestant Episcopal church 
in the state of New-York, 

In the year 1811, he was elected an honorary member of the 
college of physicians of Philadelphia; and in 1816, the degree 
of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Princeton college, 

* Dr. Bard had two years before been elected President of the original 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard, 9 

Dr. Bard was never ambitious of such distinctions. He never 
sought them by courting the correspondence of distinguished men 
abroad, or by assuming a fictitious importance by pomp and 
parade at home. 

He lived to the advanced age of 79 years. In the latter 
years of his life he was afflicted with several severe attacks of a 
stricture of the oesophagus, which greatly increased the bodily 
infirmities incident to old age. But to his last days he retained 
the perfection and vigour of his mind. Sensible of his approaching 
end, he had made it a business to prepare for death. And after 
arranging his temporal concerns to his satisfaction, and spending 
his last hours in devotional exercises, he departed this life after 
a few hours illness of a pleurisy, on the 25th of May last, looking 
with the hope of a christian for a christian's reward.^ 

In whatever light the character of Dr. Bard maybe viewed, 
it must elicit admiration, and exhibit itself in the commanding 
attitude of a model. Do we consider him as a professional man? 
We find him among the first physicians whom his country has 
produced. Dr. Bard was not one of those physicians who content 
themselves with the elementary knowledge they acquire in their 
academic studies, and rest satisfied with the slender attainments 
which qualify them to maintain a reputable intercourse with their 
brethren. He viewed medicine as a deep and extensive science, 
embracing almost every department of human learning; contin- 
ually enriching herself with the accumulating experience of ages; 
and requiring of her votaries patient, laborious, and unceasing 
study. Accordingly, we see him at an early age engaging in the 
study of medicine with an assiduity of which youth is seldom 
capable; continuing his investigations with an ardour which the 

* The particulars of Dr. Bard's life have been communicated to me by 
his sou Mr. William Bard, and his son-in-law, the Rev. Professor M'Vickar 
of Columbia college. Dr. He-sack, and Dr. J. W. Francis have also favoured 
me with some facts of an interesting nature. In acknowledging my obli- 
gation to these gentlemen, 1 would beg leave to tender them my thanks for 
the promptitude and courtesy with which they answered my inquiries. 



10 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

soberness and occupations of maturer age were not able to subdue* 
and manifesting to the last his attachment to his favourite study 
by unremitted application, at an age when the delights of science 
have commonly lost their enchanting power, and the feebleness 
and decrepitude of the body have destroyed the energy and vigour 
of the mind. 

But Dr. Bard did not pursue the science of medicine for the 
selfish gratification which study affords; nor did he wish to be- 
come learned merely for the sake of being so. He had a more 
honourable and useful purpose to stimulate him to diligence. It 
was to qualify himself to discharge the high and serious responsi- 
bilities of his professional station, that he gave his days and nights 
to laborious industry. It was that he might become a skilful and 
sagacious practitioner, that he devoted to the scientific depart- 
ments of his profession the intervals of leisure which he snatched 
from the hurry and employments of an extensive practice. Nor 
were his labours unsuccessful. He did attain the character which 
was the object of his noble ambition. The proverbial sagacity 
and skill of Dr. Bard as a practitioner of medicine, are to this 
day the theme of popular admiration. Perhaps there never was 
a medical man in the city of New- York, so universally known, 
so much beloved and esteemed as a practitioner. Indeed, so 
astonishingly popular was he at one time, that, notwithstanding 
the number of worthies who flourished cotemporaneously in the 
same city, he was called to almost every person who was taken 
sick. It was unfashionable to he sick without being visited 
by Dr. Bard. Nor did he acquire his wonderful popularity and 
his extensive practice, merely by the reputation he had obtained 
as a learned physician and a skilful practitioner. Learning and 
skill, however desirable they may be, are very properly considered 
fey the intelligent and worthy portion of the public, as insufficient 
to entitle to their patronage a physician who is destitute of those 
sensibilities which are the highest ornaments of our nature, or 
who seems to have no other view of his profession than to make 
it subservient to the accumulation of wealth. Dr. Bard possessed 
qualities which, had he been but an ordinary man, would have 
secured to him the attachment and esteem of the community, and 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard* 1 1 

the confidence of his professional brethren. He was remarked 
for his assiduous attention to the sick, for his humanity to the 
poor,* and his tenderness to all. He was proverbial for the 
conscientious, and faithful, and liberal discharge of all his obli- 
gations to his patients. And in his intercom se with his brethren 
he acquired the unanimous approbation of the profession as a 
gentleman of undeviating integrity, and of high and delicate 
honour. 

Do we view him as a public functionary^ discharging the im- 
portant offices of a teacher of medicine; undergoing the hazardous 
duties of the health office; assuming the high and honourable post 
of President of the College of Physicians? In all these capacities 
we find him an example of inimitable fidelity to his trust, equalled 
only by the ability with which his duties were discharged. 

As a professor Dr. Bard deservedly ranks among the first whom 
this country has produced. Versed in the department which it 
was his province to teach, and possessing an admirable talent for 
instruction, we find him communicating to his pupils the lessons 
of wisdom and experience, in a style of eloquence, not vehement 
indeed or powerful, but simple, dignified, and interesting. Aware 
of the influence which a public teacher possesses over the minds 
of his pupils, he availed himself of his popularity and of the op- 
portunities afforded by his office, (not to pervert the moral and 
honourable principles of the youth committed to his care; not to 
destroy the ingenuous sensibilities of their hearts by disseminating 
in his preelections the principles of a licentious philosophy, by 
lewd and indecent illustrations, or by anecdotes calculated rather 
to excite unhallowed passions than to convey any useful instruc- 
tion, but) to inculcate the principles of virtue and religion, to 
rebuke and reclaim the dangerous propensities of a thoughtless 
period of life, and to impress upon them the worthlessness of all 
attainments which are not made subservient to the high destinies 
of an immortal being. Attached to the interests of the institution 
with which he was connected, he scorned to sacrifice its useful- 

* He was always very fond of the remarkable saying- of Boerhaave% 
" that he considered the poor his best patknts t because God was their 
pay-master." 

B 



1 2 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

ness to his own emolument; and abhorred the sordid policy which 
has, in later times, disgraced so many of our medical schools, 
and degraded their highest dignities to mere offices of profit. 

As a public officer entrusted by the authorities of his country 
to secure his fellow-citizens from the importation of pestilence, 
we find him discharging the duties of his hazardous appointment 
with a fidelity which odium and reproach could not turn aside; 
and with a boldness which even constant exposure to danger 
could not intimidate or alarm. He was in this station, as in every 
other which he accepted, strictly conscientious. He did not, by 
a convenient casuistry, accept the superintendence of an establish- 
ment which, in his conscience, he believed to be founded upon 
a fallacious opinion, and gievously oppressive to the commercial 
prosperity of his country. His professional morality was regulated 
by a higher standard. He believed fully in the principle which 
gave rise to the quarantine institution, and in the necessity for 
the rigid enforcement of its laws. And, accordingly, during the 
term of his appointment, our city was a stranger to the horrors of 
pestilence. 

As President of the College of Physicians, Dr. Bard continued 
for many years to watch over the destinies of medical science, 
with a dignity which commanded the respect of all the officers of 
that institution; and with an impartiality which, preserving itself 
indifferent in the petty conflicts that occasionally arise in every 
similar body of men, permitted him to do no injustice to con- 
tending parties, but kept him faithful to the true interests of his 
trust. In viewing the character of Dr. Bard as the president of 
the college of physicians, 1 might advert to the unhappy disturb- 
ances which lately occurred in that institution; and which, much 
Against his inclination, involved him after he had lived upwards 
of seventy years a stranger to discord. But the developement 
which, as a faithful biographer, it would be incumbent upon me to 
make, however much it might redound to the honour of Dr. Bard, 
would revive recollections of no agreeable nature in the bosoms 
of his friends, and might again excite the rancour and the mad- 
ness of his enemies. Peace be to his ashes! 1 have no wish to 

awaken the sacrilegious feeling of hatred to his memory. 



Biographical Memoir of Br, Samuel Bard. 1 3 

Dr. Bard, as an author, deserves and holds no humble station. 
He was not indeed one of those mighty geniuses who have occa- 
sionally adorned the profession of medicine; and who, spurning 
the ordinary course pursued by men of humbler powers, strike 
out for themselves a new road to the temple of fame. He in- 
vented no brilliant theories; — and devised no new system. Nor 
did he possess the ambition of being distinguished as an author. 
He did not write much: but what he did write was always useful, 
and always exhibited his admirable talent of imparting to every 
subject an interesting aspect and a practical cast. His style 
was remarkably simple and chaste. Unadorned, it was, however, 
pleasing. Not vigorous or eloquent, it was clear and concise; 
well suiting his sober method of thinking and reasoning, and 
judiciously adapted to the subjects he discussed. Yet with all its 
humbleness and all its simplicity, there ran through it a vein of 
classical purity and taste which belongs to no indifferent scholar. 
In short, it was characterized by a strain of " truth and sober- 
ness" singularly felicitous in captivating the attention. 

His first literary production, an Inaugural Essay on the powers 
of opium, # would not have been unworthy of his pen in the 
brightest period of his fame. Essays of this kind are usually of 
a very puerile character, having no higher aim than to comply 
with the requisitions of an academic statute, and seldom venturing 
upon any subject which is not elementary or trite. But Dr. Bard 
chose a subject which, while it was difficult in itself, was ren- 
dered still more intricate by the controversies to which it had 
given rise At the time he wrote this experimental essay, the 
powers of opium, the mode of its operation, and its various effects 
upon the body, were but imperfectly understood; and were matter 
of much difference of opinion among the profession in Edinburgh, 
He, therefore, resolved to investigate the subject experimentally. 
After many well conceived and well conducted experiments upon 
himself, his fellow-students, and the patients of the Royal Infirm- 
ary, he came to the conclusions: 1. That opium produces its 
effects by acting primarily upon the brain and nerves. 2. That 
it lessens the frequency of the pulse, but increases its fulness. 

* Tentamen medioum inaugurate de viribus opii. 1765. 



14 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard, 

3. That its primary effect upon the system is to induce hilarity, 

4. That it diminishes animal heat. 5. That it diminishes all the 
secretions except the perspiration, which it increases. 6. That 
it constipates the bowels. 7, That it lessens the urinary discharge, 
3. That it renders respiration slower. 9. That it produces a 
sense of fulness and stricture about the head and chest. 10. 
That it assuages pain, resolves spasm, and recruits, the body ex- 
hausted by fatigue, &c. All these positions are supported with 
much ingenuity, and explained with a readiness which shews him 
to have been master of his subject, and familiar with every thing 
which had been written upon it. And while this dissertation is 
a memorial of his respectable attainments in his profession; it is 
a creditable specimen of his literary and classical acquirements. 

In the year 1769 Dr. Bard delivered to the first medical gra- 
duates of King's (now Columbia) College, a discourse upon the 
duties of a physician, in which he endeavoured to impress upon 
the public the necessity and importance of an hospital in the city 
of New- York. So great was the effect produced by this memo- 
rable discourse, that in. the very day on which it was delivered 
the sum of £,800 sterling was subscribed towards the erection of 
an edifice for that purpose.*' When nearly completed it was 
destroyed by fire in the year 1775, and in consequence of the 
Revolution was not rebuilt until 1791. This second building 
remains to this day — a magnificent monument, u aere perennius" 
to the memory of Dr. Bard. This discourse was immediately 
published at the request of Sir Henry Moore, at that time pro- 
vincial governor of New- York. 

He shortly after this, in 1771, published "An enquiry into 
the nature, causes, and cure, of the Angina Suffocativa, or sore- 
throat distemper," as it was then vulgarly called. This disease, it 
seems, had but lately appeared, and had committed great ravages 
among the children of the inhabitants. From the description Dr. 

* The corporation of the city soon added £3000 to the first subscription, 
and the legislature resolved to make the liberal appropriation of £800 per 
annum for twenty years. Dr John Fothergill und Sir William Duncan of 
London deserve to be mentioned for their benevolent exertions among the 
inhabitants of that city in behalf of this laudable charity. 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 15 

Bard has given of it, there is no doubt it was a Croup of a highly 
violent and malignant character. In this valuable treatise may 
be found blood-letting suggested as a remedy, although claimed in 
later times as a discovery; and calomel, for the honour of intro- 
ducing which so many have contended, is there recommended 
as possessing advantages " beyond any other medicine." The 
style of this little essay is plain and concise, exactly that in which 
a popular treatise should be written. 

Dr. Bard's favourite branch was midwifery. And perhaps no 
physician in this country has ever enjoyed a larger share of prac- 
tice in this department, or acquired a higher reputation as an 
accoucheur than he. After retiring into the country from the cares 
and fatigues of professional life, one of the first plans of useful- 
ness contemplated by Dr. Bard, was the publication of a treatise 
upon this subject. His residence in the country, and the cele- 
brity he had acquired as an obstetrician, afforded him frequent 
opportunities of witnessing the ignorance of midwives and country- 
practitioners upon this important branch; and determined him to 
issue a treatise which, while it should contain a set of plain and 
practical directions for the management of natural labours, should 
possess the advantages of cheapness and conciseness, and be di- 
vested of technicalities and professional idioms. Accordingly in 
the year 1808 he published "A Compendium of the theory and 
practice of Midwifery" in a comely duodecimo form, intended 
chiefly for the use of midwives and young practitioners. Unas- 
suming as were the claims, and humble as was the object of this 
little compendium, it was executed in a manner which would not 
have dishonoured a work of much loftier pretensions. Arranging 
and condensing all the valuable precepts delivered in the volumes 
of the standard writers on obstetrics, it contains the results of the 
experience which he had derived from a long and extensive fami- 
liarity with the practice of the art. Accordingly it met with im- 
mediate and universal approbation, and has ever since its appear- 
ance, received the suffrages of the profession as a standard work. 
It was more particularly Dr. Bard's design in this little volume 
\o treat of natural labour; and to insist upon the sufficiency of the 
efforts of nature in these cases. He wished to repress the growing 



16 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

fondness which the popular works of Smellie and Baudelocque 
had introduced into this country for the use of instruments; 
and to convince practitioners, that they are seldom, very sel- 
dom, required. Notwithstanding his modest renunciation of all 
claim to originality, I verily believe that the powers of nature in 
the accomplishment of parturition, have never been so forcibly 
and clearly exhibited by any other author. The work went 
through three large editions in its duodecimo form; and was twice 
published greatly enlarged and improved in octavo. At the time 
of his death he was preparing for the press a sixth edition*. 
And although it has not received the finishing touches of his ex- 
perienced hand, it will, no doubt, add increased excellence and 
celebrity to the work; and live to perpetuate the name and the 
reputation of its author. 

It was Dr. Bard's ruling desire to be useful. Accordingly in 
the year 1811 he published "A Guide for Young Shepherds," 
at a time when the commercial restrictions which a short-sighted 
policy had imposed, were turning the attention and the enter- 
prise of our citizens to the establishment of domestic manufac- 
tures Among the internal improvements, the melioration of 
our breed of sheep by the introduction of the merino race, was 
a favourite project. But it was soon found that, while the sheep 
imported from abroad were very delicate and extremely liable to 
disease, they very often communicated to our native flocks dis- 
tempers to which they had not before been subject; and which, 
while they rendered such stock exceedingly precarious, repressed 
the enterprise of commercial adventurers. It was all-important, 
then, that something should be done to prevent the defeat of the 
project by the frequent disappointments incident to speculations 
upon sheep. At this juncture Dr. Bard, after having directed 
his attention to, and acquired considerable experience in, the dis- 
eases of this useful animal, issued the little treatise of which I 
am now to speak. It would not become me to pronounce upon 
the merits of this book as a work upon the diseases of sheep, as 
I have no practical acquaintance with the subject to which it re- 

* This will shortly be published under the direction of his grandson, 
Dr. F. U. Johnston of New-York. 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 17 

lates, and am not sufficiently conversant with rural concerns to 
justify me in forming even an opinion of its value. I can only 
say, that I have known intelligent and competent persons who 
have turned their attention to the management and improvement 
of sheep, declare it to be the best practical treatise extant upon 
that subject, the masterly performance of Chancellor Livingston 
not excepted. In the Shepherd's Guide Dr. Bard treats of the 
characters and qualities of the merino-race, and of their great 
superiority over our native sheep. He considers the most ap- 
proved mode for the maintenance and support of sheep in ge- 
neral; remarking upon the quality and quantity of their food, 
their summer and winter management, the proper construction 
of barns for the storing of their provender and of hovels for their 
shelter, and a variety of other interesting' circumstances con- 
nected with the successful improvement of the domestic breed, 
and the acclimation of the merino race. He discusses fully the 
subject of breeding; and enters minutely into the management 
and rearing of lambs. The diseases of sheep occupy a considera- 
ble portion of the treatise. In this part of the book the author 
gives practical instructions for the discovery and treatment of all 
the most troublesome and frequent distempers to which the ani- 
mal is liable; and dwells particularly upon the singular malady 
known by the names of claveau and variolas ovinae. In the 
treatment of this malady he considers the subject of inoculation, 
which the cultivators of sheep in Europe have recommended as 
a preservative from the fatal forms of this distemper. But he 
found that the disorder could seldom be communicated in this 
way; and was not thus mitigated in violence. I know not 
whether Dr. Bard is entitled to the merit of originality in sug- 
gesting and trying the prophylactic virtue of vaccination in this 
plague. He, however, vaccinated several sheep, encouraged by 
the analogy which exists between this distemper and the small- 
pox in the human race; and recommends the practice to shep- 
herds. This treatise preserves the unity of style which Dr. Bard 
exhibited in all his writings. It is plain, sententious, and well 
adapted to the practical character of the work. 

ft is to be regretted that the annual addresses which, as presi- 



18 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard* 

dent of the college, he was in the habit of delivering to the 
medical graduates, have not been published. The publication of 
one of them, " a discourse on medical education," which was 
delivered at the commencement in 1819, serves only to make us 
regret the suppression of the rest. They would form a very 
comely volume, instructive to the profession, and interesting to 
the general reader. They were remarked for the strong good 
sense with which they abounded; and for the tenderness and pa- 
thos of the sentiments they contained. They were written with 
the characteristic chasteness and neatness of Dr. Bard's style; 
and delivered with the simplicity and ingenuousness peculiar to 
his manners. 

The last production of his pen was a paper containing u Re- 
marks on the Constitution, Government, Discipline, and Ex- 
penses of Medical Schools, &c." This document was drawn out 
in obedience to a requisition of the Regents of the University. 
In it he enters into an examination, minute in proportion to the 
importance of the subject, of all the different branches of medi- 
cine. He inquires into the relative value and importance of each 
in a course of medical instruction; and into the manner in which 
they should be taught. From an elaborate comparison of the 
expenses of the medical schools of Edinburgh, Philadelphia, Bos- 
ton, and Baltimore, he endeavours to establish a standard for the 
regulation of the fees and expenses of the college of New- York. 
He maKes some excellent remarks upon the preliminary educa- 
tion proper for students of medicine, the period of study which 
should be required, the requisitions for graduation, and the mode 
of conducting examinations; and finally sketches an admirable 
plan for the organization of a medical school. Peculiar circum- 
stances at that time interfering, the improvements suggested by 
Dr. Bard have not all been carried into effect. But should that 
honourable body ever deem it expedient to reorganize the medi- 
cal department of the University, there is no doubt that the plan 
recommended by him will be their model. 

Dr. Bard's views upon the subject of medical education, were 
not influenced by the contracted policy which would restrict the 
studies of a physician to that kind of knowledge which may en- 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 1 9 

able him to practise his profession as an art, but which can never 
qualify him to maintain its literary character. Nor yet did he 
approve of introducing into courses of medical instruction, those 
collateral sciences whose connexion with medicine is so remote 
that they can have no tendency to improve the practical depart- 
ments of the healing art. While he desired that the studies and 
acquirements of a physician should be extensive and general, he 
knew that an undue attention to collateral branches is one of the 
most effectual hindrances to the perfection of medicine. He ? 
therefore, wisely concluded^ that it is sufficient for a physician to 
possess that general acquaintance with them which will enable 
him to understand the conversation of the learned in these sub- 
sidiary departments; and to maintain a reputation as a scientific 
man. 

On the subject of the preliminary education to be required of 
students, Dr. Bard regretted that the present state of things ren- 
dered it inexpedient to insist upon any degree of classical attain- 
ments. He was well aware of the great value of these studies 
to a physician; and wished that it were possible to withhold the 
doctorate from those who were not qualified for the inferior honour 
of a bacchalaureate in the arts. It is remarkable that colleges 
erected for the purpose of teaching a learned profession, have so 
universally fixed the professional standard at so low a rate. Al- 
most all nations have agreed in assigning this exalted character 
to the medical profession; and in expecting from all who practise 
the healing art, a degree of erudition not required of men of other 
occupations. Hence, among the ancients the priests were almost 
the only practitioners of physic, because always the most learned 
class of men. Thus we find, that the Chaldeans of Babylon, the 
Hierophantes of Egypt, the Curetes and Corybantes of Crete, 
the Persian Magi, and the Gymnosophists of India, were in their 
respective countries the most distinguished cultivators of medi- 
cine. Even in modern days this association of the medical cha- 
racter with the sacerdotal office has existed. It was not till the 
middle of the twelfth century, (1163) when the council of Tours 
pronounced the famous edict which forbade the clergy the exercise 
of the healing art, because the Church abhorred the shedding of 

C 



2ft Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

blood, that the practice of medicine was followed extensively by 
the laity. Among all the semi-barbarous nations of the present 
day the priests are still the only physicians. Even in Persia, the 
Lamas alone practise medicine. And it was not until the im- 
mense increase of population rendered the care of the sick in- 
compatible with the burdensome parochial duties of clerical life, 
that the clergy of New-England ceased to practise physic. It is 
evident, then, that the profession of medicine is a learned one. 
How comes it that its highest honours and its greatest privileges 
are conferred upon men who are destitute of the very elements of 
a learned education? Dr. Bard saw and lamented the error, but 
saw no way to remedy the evil. Perhaps this can never be done 
but by a national university. 

In his hints for the reorganization of the college, he very 
properly recommended that the trustees should be a body of men 
separate from, and independent of, the professors. He saw that 
every medical institution in which the professors are vested with 
the powers of trustees, must continually be harassed by jealousies 
and contentions: and that if the respectability of the college is 
to be preserved, and a diploma is to be no longer a mere certificate 
of attendance upon lectures, the board of trustees must be com- 
posed entirely of persons who have no pecuniary interest in the 
concerns of the college. 

As far as Dr. Bard has considered the subject of medical edu- 
cation, the measures he recommends in his report to the Regents 
for the improvement and reformation of the present system, are 
exceedingly judicious, and well calculated to effect the purpose 
for which they are designed. Yet, it may not be inconsistent 
with the office of a biographer to point out two capital defects in 
his plan. The first is, that no provision is made for the admission 
of young men to the study of the profession. Ours is the only 
one upon which a person may voluntarily enter, without being 
subject to control. Before being admitted as a candidate for holy 
orders, a young man is required to produce testimonials of his 
possessing certain qualifications, without which he is not recog- 
nized by the authorities of the Church as a regular student of 
divinity. So it is indeed^ in some kind, in almost all occupa- 



JBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard, 2 1 

lion s and trades. But in medicine, it would seem, we receive the 
refuse of them all, without applying any test whereby a judgment 
may be formed as to the fitness of the individuals to commence 
the study. The Mexicans, we are told, determine the occupations 
to which they send their children, by observing the selection 
which they make from the tools of different trades when the ope- 
ration of the judgment is suspended by intoxication. Judging from 
the stupidity and unfitness of many of the profession who have 
neither knowledge nor the capacity for acquiring it, we are al- 
most induced to believe that their unfortunate choice must have 
been made under a similar infatuation. Juan Huartes, a Spanish 
physician, in a book entitled " Examen de Ingenios"* proposes 
the appointment of a board of public examiners, whose duty 
it should be to ascertain the genius of every lad, and to assign 
to him some suitable occupation to which it should be obligatory 
upon his parents to place him. This may be carrying the matter 
rather far; but the advantages of some such inquisition would 
certainly be very great. An anecdote of Clavius, the celebrated 
mathematician,! illustrates the propriety of scrutinizing the pe- 
culiar talents of boys. He was sent to a college of Jesuits; and 
at his examination for reception was about being dismissed as a 
hopeless dunce, when being accidentally asked some question in 
geometry, he was discovered to possess that turn for the mathe- 
matics which afterwards distinguished him as one of the first as- 
tronomers of his day. Indeed the figure which this order have 
made in the learned world is, no doubt, ascribable, in a great de- 
gree, to their sagacity in discovering the talents and directing the 
Studies of their pupils. It is because sufficient care is not taken 
to ascertain the peculiar propensities and geniuses of young men, 
c( that we see so many men in situations for which they are 
not qualified, who would have been respectable or useful in the 
professions or trades for which they were born. They form the 

• This book, of course, I have never read. Some account of it may be 
seen in the Spectator, No. 307. 

f Christopher Clavius, a German, who was sent for by Pope Gregory to 
assist in reforming the calendar ; and afterwards engaged ably in its de« 
fence against the attacks of Scaliger and others. 



22 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard, 

same disease in society, which is known among physicians by the 
name of error loci. They are like red blood in serous vessels, bile 
in the stomach, and aliment in the wind pipe."* To devise some 
plan whereby some control may be exercised over the admission 
of young men as regular students of medicine, and the profession 
preserved from being overrun by the blockheads whom the blind- 
ness of their parents would thrust into it, is yet a desideratum. 

Another important defect which Dr. Bard has overlooked, is 
the want of some fixed and determinate course of medical study. 
It would be well to select for the student the books which he 
should read; and to point out to him the order in which they should 
be studied. Nor is this sufficient: the very manner in which they 
should be read ought to be made known to him. Lord Bacon 
says that there are some books which should only be tasted; others 
that we ought to swallow down ; and some choice ones which 
we should chew and digest : meaning thereby, that some books 
should be only partially read; others should be read, but without 
much care; and a few should be diligently and attentively studied. 
Thus to direct the industry of the student by properly disposing 
of his time, selecting for him suitable books, and pointing out to 
him their relative value, would be a grand improvement in the 
system of education, 

These ideas may have occurred to Dr. Bard in drawing up his 
plan for medical study. But his object seems to have been rather 
to reform abuses, than to introduce innovations in the present 
system. It was, doubtless, on this account that we find no refer- 
ence to his favourite idea of introducing the writings of the an- 
cients more generally into a course of medical reading for students. 
He always held in high estimation the works of Hippocrates; 
and desired particularly to revive a taste for classical medicine in 
general. It is to be regretted that gentlemen of the profession so 
generally regard the writings of the father of medicine and the other 
ancient masters of the healing art, not worth their study. So deeply 
convinced were the faculty of the Ecole de Medecine at Paris of 
the value of Hippocrates, that they, some years since, instituted 
3 Ifippocmtic Professorship, for the purpose of awakening the 

* Rush's Lectures, p. 358 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 23 

attention of physicians to the ancient medical writers, and espe- 
cially to preserve from oblivion the doctrines and practice of the 
Coan sage. This professor was to be supplied with the means 
of travelling, with the volumes of Hippocrates in his hand, over 
the countries which the father of physic had visited to observe 
diseases; and was to lecture exclusively upon the works of Hip- 
pocrates. This scheme may have been injudicious, but it was 
magnificent. Perhaps the most effectual plan would be the insti- 
tution of a professorship of Medical Literature in general. The 
duties of this appointment might embrace instructions on medical 
history, including bibliography or an account of the different systems 
and books; medical jurisprudence, medical ethicks, medical logic, 
and perhaps too expositions of and recitations from the Greek and 
Latin medical classics. But I fear that this critical examination 
of Dr. Bard's views of education may be considered by the reader 
as inapposite, or at least as too extended for a biographical memoir. 
I must plead as an apology for my prolixity, the impossibility of 
doing justice to the character in a narrower compass. 

I have thus noticed all the writings of Dr. Bard with which I 
am acquainted. Several fugitive essays by him are preserved in 
the American Medical and Philosophical Register; and other 
periodical journals are, I believe, enriched by his communications. 
The Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 
contain several documents by him on the subject of Yellow Fever. 
In these Dr. Bard, in a tone of firmness and decision worthy of 
the serious convictions he entertained of the foreign origin and 
contagious character of the disease, avows himself one of the 
persecuted minority who have advocated these doctrines. I say 
sl persecuted minority: for it cannot be denied, that the leaders of 
the opposite party have prosecuted the controversy with an acri- 
mony sufficient to deter a timid man from declaring his sentiments, 
and a peaceable one from defending them.* Dr. Bard always 

* I speak here in reference to the controversy as it has been conducted in 
New-York only. Indeed here it has become a personal question. Will you 
side with certain ;nen, or will you join their enemies ? The violence on this 
subject, and the aspect which is given to the controversy, is, no doubt, in- 
tentionally excited by designing men. They have taken this road to import- 
ance, because they cannot succeed in becoming the leaders of a parly bj 
more honourable means. 



£4 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard, 

regretted the injurious agency of certain periodical journals in 
propagating doctrines of an opposite tendency; and deprecated 
the system of denunciation pursued by works from which a spirit 
more worthy of the votaries of science, ought to have been ex- 
pected. 

Having considered Dr. Bard as a professional man, as a public 
character, and as an author, it remains to contemplate him in the 
interesting scenes of private and domestic life. 

Accustomed from early life to the best and most polished so- 
ciety, Dr. Bard always exhibited in his deportment and manners 
a perfect model of the accomplished gentleman. In the several 
relations of a son, a husband, a father, and a friend, he was a 
pattern of filial affection, of conjugal fidelity, of parental tender- 
ness, and of unwavering and ardent attachment. The moral 
virtues shone conspicuously in his character. His integrity and 
uprightness were proverbial. To say that a man was " as honest 
as Dr. Bard," was in his neighbourhood the very highest recom- 
mendation for stern and unbending integrity. He was charitable 
and liberal, almost to his own ruin. Indeed for several of the 
last years of his life, he appropriated almost the whole of his 
annual revenue to a benevolent purpose, reserving for himself 
scarcely a comfortable competency. 

But this was not all his character. Dr. Bard was a Christian. 
Nor was he a Christian in the vague sense in which this honour- 
able name is applied by the world. He was not a mere specu- 
lative believer in the truth of Revelation; he was not a mere 
respectful attendant upon the services and ordinances of the 
sanctuary; he did not view religion as a mere system of ethicks 
which might or might not be received, or which at most exacts 
nothing more than a decent conformity to the requirements of 
morality. His piety was of a much more sterling stamp; exhi- 
biting in the affections of the heart, in the tempers of the mind, 
and in the conduct of the life, the sanctifying and practical power 
of Christian principle. 

I know that it is fashionable for biographers to cant about the 
piety of those whose Characters they portray; and to represent 



Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 25 

as the brightest ornaments of the Christian name, men whose 
lives have not been remarked for more than common morality, and 
actions to which a sense of honour, instinctive and unsanctified, 
may have prompted. But the fact is, education, habit, interest, 
and many other circumstances, may develope the virtues of justice, 
and integrity, and compassion, and generosity in the human heart, 
and may even enkindle some feelings of superstitious reverence 
for religion; and yet a man exhibiting all these traits of character, 
may not in a single action of his life be actuated by a principle 
of loyalty and obedience to God, and may be an utter stranger to 
the radical principles of equity and benevolence. Nay, a man 
may maintain an exalted character for strict justice, high honour, 
generous sensibility, and for every manly and effulgent virtue; 
and yet be as destitute of all claim to the title of a Christian, as 
the vilest profligate whose life presents one disgusting mass of 
moral deformity unredeemed and unrelieved by a single amiable 
feature. I would not decry morality — it is useful, it is amiable, 
it is necessary to the well-being and the good order of society. 
But alone, and unconnected with holier principles, it is no more 
acceptable and meritorious in the sight of the Supreme Ruler 
and Judge of the world, than the constrained obedience which a 
discontented subject may yield to the laws of his country, or the 
kindly offices which rebels may mutually interchange, can be to 
the authorities to whom they owe a duteous and cheerful loyalty- 
Religion is a divine principle which enlightens the understanding 
to the comprehension of truths that unassisted reason could never 
have discovered ; — a principle which rectifies the waywardness 
of the will, and brings it into subjection to the law of God;— ^a 
principle which reclaims and refines the corrupt propensities and 
passions of our nature, purifying the very thoughts and affections 
of the heart; — a principle, in short, which renews and sanctifies 
the whole man, and preparing him for the acceptable service of 
his Maker here, fits him for the blissful enjoyment of his presence 
hereafter. Such was the religion of Dr. Bard, and such only can 
entitle him to a character for piety. 

Nor did his views of the nature and importance of religion, suffer 
him to rest satisfied with the possession of personal piety. No? 



26 Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

He viewed religion as a concern in which all mankind are inte- 
rested, deeply and eternally interested. Accordingly we find him 
exerting all his influence to disseminate the Holy Scriptures, and 
to extend the benefits of the^ervices of religion in his neighbour- 
hood. We find him the ready patron of every scheme which 
Christian benevolence might devise for the promotion of religious 
knowledge, and of human happiness; and evincing that his labours 
of love did not proceed from ostentation and parade, by private 
exertions which could procure him no applause from men. Bible 
Societies, Missionary efforts, Sunday-schools, and the humbler 
attempts to diffuse religious instruction by Tracts, all found in. 
Dr. Bard a prompt and zealous friend. 

He was one of those very few physicians who consider it 
a duty to admonish and advise their patients in their spiritual 
affairs. It was his constant practice to procure, or to administer 
religious instruction to the ignorant, and spiritual consolation to 
the distressed. And however indiscreet and officious communi* 
cations of this kind may oe considered by some, he has left upon 
record his testimony to their usefulness, and to the general good- 
will with which they are received. In not one of the many 
manuscripts (in my possession) of his annual addresses to the 
graduates in medicine does he omit to recommend this practice; 
and to enforce it by the assurance that during thirty years of 
professional life he had made it a uniform duty, and that he had 
very seldom regretted his conduct, having found such commu- 
nications to be generally acceptable, and never productive of in- 
jury to the sick. It is very much to be regretted that the example 
of this good physician is not more frequently imitated; and that 
medical men are so apt to disregard the eternal concerns of their 
patients, and to imagine that it is even necessary to divert their 
thoughts, as much as possible, from death and eternity. Such 
conduct is a criminal neglect of a solemn duty; and betrays an 
insensibility as cruel as it is dangerous to the best interests of 
those committed to their care. It was too Dr. Bard's practice to 
call the early attention of his patients to this important subject. 
Religious admonition, he properly thought, should not be deferred 
until all hope of recovery is gone. This is not the best chosen 



27 
Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 

period for religious instruction, or the one most favourable to its 
due effect upon the mind. It is not in the last moments of life, 
when the body is racked with pain, and the mind agitated and 
alarmed by the apprehensions of death; when a deadly stupor 
clouds the faculties, or the imagination flits in wild delirium from 
object to object and from thought to thought, that the mind can 
be brought to prepare itself for the awful transition which it is to 
undergo. Sickness is a season of reflection with most men, and 
naturally induces a docility of temper highly favourable to the 
reception of wholesome admonition. It is now that religious in- 
struction and advice are most productive of effect. If delayed 
till the last hours of life, they may serve indeed to awaken the 
alarms of the sick man, and to plunge him in despair; but they 
can seldom benefit his soul. 

The conduct of Dr. Bard in this particular must commend it- 
self to the approbation of every rational and feeling man; and 
entitle him to be placed with those worthies who have united to 
exalted talent, extensive erudition, and distinguished rank, the 
graces and virtues of the Christian character; and whose lives 
have practically refuted the scandalous proverb, " Medicus non 
Christianus."* 

I know not what effect this feeble and imperfect representation 
of the life and character of Dr. Bard, may produce upon the reader: 
I should hope that the outlines of such a character, however 
rudely sketched, would fill him with admiration. But, for my own 
part, I must confess, that the very name of Bard has in it for me 
something of that magic power which one feels to exist in the 
names of Boerhaave, and Sydenham, and Gregory, and Rush; 
and which, while it excites an enthusiasm that no other earthly 
contemplation can produce, annihilates the ambitious aspirations 
of the soul in overwhelming admiration of these illustrious men. 

* Haller, Boerhaave, Sydenham, Stahl, Hoffman, Harvey, Willis, Mead 
Zimmerman, Fothergill, Percival, Heberden, Gregory, Rush, Kamsay, &c 



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